cURL

命令行数据传输工具 - 测试 API、下载文件、调试 HTTP 请求

TL;DR

是什么:用于通过 URL 传输数据的命令行工具。

为什么用:普遍可用、可脚本化、支持所有协议、调试 API。

Quick Start

基本 GET

curl https://api.example.com/users

POST JSON

curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"name": "John", "email": "[email protected]"}'

带认证

curl -H "Authorization: Bearer TOKEN" https://api.example.com/me

Cheatsheet

选项描述
-X METHODHTTP 方法(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)
-H "Header"添加头部
-d "data"请求体
-o file输出到文件
-O使用远程文件名保存
-L跟随重定向
-v详细输出
-s静默模式
-i包含响应头

Gotchas

常见请求

# 带查询参数的 GET
curl "https://api.example.com/users?page=1&limit=10"

# POST 表单数据
curl -X POST https://api.example.com/login \
  -d "username=john&password=secret"

# PUT 请求
curl -X PUT https://api.example.com/users/1 \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"name": "John Updated"}'

# DELETE 请求
curl -X DELETE https://api.example.com/users/1

# PATCH 请求
curl -X PATCH https://api.example.com/users/1 \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"status": "active"}'

头部和认证

# 多个头部
curl https://api.example.com/data \
  -H "Accept: application/json" \
  -H "X-API-Key: your-key"

# Basic 认证
curl -u username:password https://api.example.com/secure

# Bearer token
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer eyJhbG..." https://api.example.com/me

# Cookie
curl -b "session=abc123" https://api.example.com/dashboard

文件操作

# 下载文件
curl -O https://example.com/file.zip

# 自定义文件名下载
curl -o myfile.zip https://example.com/file.zip

# 上传文件
curl -X POST https://api.example.com/upload \
  -F "file=@/path/to/file.pdf"

# 多文件上传
curl -X POST https://api.example.com/upload \
  -F "[email protected]" \
  -F "[email protected]"

调试

# 显示请求/响应头
curl -v https://api.example.com/users

# 仅响应头
curl -I https://api.example.com/users

# 输出中包含头部
curl -i https://api.example.com/users

# 计时请求
curl -w "Time: %{time_total}s\n" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com

# 仅显示状态码
curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" https://example.com

高级用法

# 跟随重定向
curl -L https://short.url/abc

# 失败重试
curl --retry 3 --retry-delay 5 https://api.example.com

# 超时
curl --connect-timeout 5 --max-time 10 https://api.example.com

# 忽略 SSL 错误(不推荐)
curl -k https://self-signed.example.com

# 使用代理
curl -x http://proxy:8080 https://api.example.com

# 保存 cookie
curl -c cookies.txt https://example.com/login
curl -b cookies.txt https://example.com/dashboard

Next Steps