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SQLAlchemy

Toolkit SQL de Python y ORM - consultas flexibles, relaciones, soporte async, multi-BD

TL;DR

Qué: Kit de herramientas SQL de Python y Object-Relational Mapper.

Por qué: Flexible, potente, soporta SQL crudo y ORM, agnóstico de base de datos.

Quick Start

Instalar:

pip install sqlalchemy

Conectar y consultar:

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///example.db')

with engine.connect() as conn:
    result = conn.execute(text("SELECT 'Hello, SQLAlchemy!'"))
    print(result.all())

Cheatsheet

ConceptoDescripción
EngineConexión a base de datos
SessionUnidad de trabajo
ModelMapeo de tabla
ColumnDefinición de campo
relationshipRelaciones de modelo
QueryRecuperación de datos

Gotchas

Model definition (ORM)

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, relationship, sessionmaker

Base = declarative_base()

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(50), nullable=False)
    email = Column(String(100), unique=True)

    posts = relationship('Post', back_populates='author')

class Post(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'posts'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    title = Column(String(100), nullable=False)
    author_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))

    author = relationship('User', back_populates='posts')

# Create tables
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///example.db')
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

CRUD operations

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

# Create
user = User(name='John', email='[email protected]')
session.add(user)
session.commit()

# Read
users = session.query(User).all()
user = session.query(User).filter_by(id=1).first()
user = session.query(User).filter(User.name == 'John').first()

# Update
user.name = 'Johnny'
session.commit()

# Delete
session.delete(user)
session.commit()

Query filtering

from sqlalchemy import and_, or_

# Basic filters
users = session.query(User).filter(User.name == 'John').all()
users = session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('%John%')).all()
users = session.query(User).filter(User.id.in_([1, 2, 3])).all()

# Multiple conditions
users = session.query(User).filter(
    and_(
        User.name == 'John',
        User.email.like('%@example.com')
    )
).all()

# Ordering and limiting
users = session.query(User).order_by(User.name).limit(10).all()

# Counting
count = session.query(User).count()

Relationships

# Query with relationship
user = session.query(User).filter_by(id=1).first()
print(user.posts)  # Lazy load posts

# Eager loading
from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload

users = session.query(User).options(joinedload(User.posts)).all()

# Create with relationship
post = Post(title='Hello', author=user)
session.add(post)
session.commit()

SQLAlchemy 2.0 style

from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

with Session(engine) as session:
    # Select
    stmt = select(User).where(User.name == 'John')
    users = session.scalars(stmt).all()

    # Insert
    user = User(name='Jane', email='[email protected]')
    session.add(user)
    session.commit()

Async support

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

engine = create_async_engine('postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@localhost/db')
async_session = sessionmaker(engine, class_=AsyncSession)

async with async_session() as session:
    result = await session.execute(select(User))
    users = result.scalars().all()

Next Steps